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US Supreme Court Rules Race Cannot Drive Electoral Boundary Decisions
by Dan Hart
In a highly consequential decision handed down Wednesday that could affect the makeup of Congress, the US Supreme Court ruled that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act cannot be used to draw congressional district boundaries that overly rely on racial makeup.
The case of Louisiana v. Callais, which was heard over two rounds of arguments in March and October of last year, considered whether congressional district maps that were drawn in Louisiana that included racially segregated district lines, allegedly in compliance with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Writing for the majority in a 6-3 ruling, Justice Samuel Alito stated that “because the Voting Rights Act did not require Louisiana to create an additional majority-minority district, no compelling interest justified the State’s use of race in creating SB8”, the name of the state’s new district map.
Alito further declared, “That map is an unconstitutional gerrymander, and its use would violate the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights.” As noted by National Review, the ruling narrows the scope of Section 2, which was written and passed during the height of the civil rights movement in 1965 when segregation was still widely practised in the South.
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Supreme Court: Race Cannot Drive Electoral Boundary Decisions
The US Supreme Court has dealt a significant blow to race-based congressional redistricting, with sweeping implications for electoral maps across more than a dozen states.
In a highly consequential decision handed down Wednesday that could affect the makeup of Congress, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act cannot be used to draw congressional district boundaries that overly rely on racial makeup.
The case, Louisiana v. Callais, was heard over two rounds of arguments in March and October of last year. It considered whether congressional district maps drawn in Louisiana that included racially segregated district lines – allegedly in compliance with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act – violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Writing for the majority in a 6-3 ruling, Justice Samuel Alito stated that “because the Voting Rights Act did not require Louisiana to create an additional majority-minority district, no compelling interest justified the State’s use of race in creating SB8” – the name of the state’s new district map.
Race as a Factor – But Not the Deciding Factor
Alito further declared that “that map is an unconstitutional gerrymander, and its use would violate the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights.”
As noted by National Review, the ruling narrows the scope of Section 2, which was written and passed during the height of the civil rights movement in 1965, when segregation was still widely practised in the South.
Under the ruling, race can still be considered when drawing congressional maps to ensure no illegal discrimination is taking place. But race cannot be used as the determinative factor in drawing districts.
During oral arguments, Justice Brett Kavanaugh and other conservative justices appeared to support the idea that when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965, they likely intended there to be a “sunset period” for Section 2 once racial minorities gained fair voting representation.
Chief Justice John Roberts further observed that the Louisiana district in question was unfairly drawn like a “snake”, stretching over 200 miles.
In the eventual majority opinion, Alito emphasised that “allowing race to play any part in government decision-making represents a departure from the constitutional rule that applies in almost every other context. Compliance with Section 2 thus could not justify the state’s use of race-based redistricting here.”
A Nation in the Midst of Redistricting
The ruling comes amid a redistricting battle currently playing out in multiple states across the country.
In Virginia, a voter referendum narrowly passed last week that would have undermined the congressional representation of almost half of the state’s population. But the outcome of the referendum remains uncertain after a Virginia Supreme Court ruling on Tuesday.
In Florida, the state legislature passed a measure on Wednesday redrawing district lines that could create four additional Republican-leaning districts.
Other states where redistricting efforts are underway include Alabama, California, Georgia, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin.
‘At Least a Dozen Districts Can Now Be Redrawn’
Election experts say Wednesday’s Supreme Court decision was rightly decided based on the current reality of voting within racial groups and protecting constitutional rights.
Matt Carpenter, who serves as director of FRC Action, told The Washington Stand: “Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act was enacted to address racial discrimination in elections at a time when racial discrimination was rampant.”
“Today, disparities between the voter registration and turnout of racial groups are almost nonexistent, and, instead, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act has been used to compel states to draw maps on the basis of race – something the Supreme Court rightfully saw as against the Equal Protection guarantees of the 14th Amendment.”
“The implications of this ruling are significant; there are at least a dozen House districts that can now be redrawn in states like Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi,” Carpenter added. “I think it’s safe to say, with just six months to go until Election Day, we will see more states enter the mid-decade redistricting fight after today’s ruling.”
Republished with thanks to The Washington Stand.
