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Australia’s ‘No Religion’ Count May Be Inflated by a Third, Hiding 2.9 Million Christians in Upcoming Census: Analysis
Christians without a listed denomination may be among millions miscounted as having “no religion” in the 2026 census, modelling from a Sydney analytics firm suggests.
Australia’s census may be overstating the number of non-religious Australians by a third, according to new research by a Sydney-based polling firm that puts the figure closer to 26 per cent than the 39 per cent recorded in 2021.
Speaking with the national broadcaster, the analyst behind the study said the wording of the religion question is to blame for the possible 13-point gap, in an interview that aired just days before Australians will fill out their 2026 Census forms.
Applying that gap to Australia’s current population suggests as many as 2.9 million Australians who tick “no religion” this Tuesday could be Christians who are miscounted due to the question’s wording, The Daily Declaration calculates.
“The result was shocking for me,” Dr Dorian von Freyhold told ABC Radio National’s Religion and Ethics Report on Wednesday. “As a guy who’s run thousands of experiments, this one stands out as one of the most remarkable.”
Von Freyhold, Managing Partner at analytics firm Compass Polling, ran the experiment on a sample of 5,012 Australians. He and his team randomly assigned each respondent one of four historical wordings the ABS has used for the religion question since Federation, in order to model what today’s “no religion” figure would be had the question never changed.
“The experiment was to see to what extent the question framing had distorted people’s responses,” he said.
The sample they used was representative of the Australian population on all key demographics — a methodology von Freyhold described as meeting “the gold standard of causal attribution research”.
His modelling put the percentage of non-religious Australians at 26 per cent — “a third lower than in the most recent census,” he explained, referring to the 39 per cent officially recorded in 2021.
Von Freyhold added that responses across the four groups ranged from 20 to 47 per cent citing no religion — before modelling narrowed that to the 26 per cent estimate.
“Our key takeaway would be that while secularisation is real, the speedometer is broken,” he told host Andrew West.
Von Freyhold, who regularly works with large Australian businesses and institutions, was not commissioned by any church or advocacy group. “This was professional curiosity,” he explained, noting that Compass Polling uses census data “for weighting purposes [and] for normalisation of our models.”
Crunching the Numbers
Applying von Freyhold’s findings, The Daily Declaration calculates that as many as 2.9 million Christians may be miscounted as having “no religion” this Tuesday.
Australia’s population stood at 27.8 million in the ABS’s most recent count in December 2025.
The 13-point gap identified by von Freyhold points to roughly 3.6 million Australians who would be counted as non-religious under the current question, but who would likely have named a religion under the open-text format used before 1971.
Of that group, roughly 81 per cent could reasonably be expected to identify as Christian, based on the ratio of Christians to all religiously affiliated Australians in the 2021 Census — yielding the 2.9 million estimate.
The Daily Declaration’s calculation holds the 13-point gap constant and does not account for any further genuine decline in religious affiliation since 2021 — meaning the number of Christians missed in the 2026 census could exceed the 2.9 million estimate.
How the Question Has Changed
Von Freyhold pointed to the number of times the ABS has revised the religion question as central to the problem. “The peculiarity here is that we’ve changed our question a lot of times,” he said.
“Due to the quadruple changes of the question, it’s difficult to look at that as a continuous time series,” he said. “Every time you change the question, people’s answers may be changing, which is something the ABS acknowledges.”
Until 1971, the question was a simple open text box that asked “What is the person’s religion?”
In 1971, the ABS added a prompt for non-religious Australians: “If no religion, enter none.”
By 1991, the question had become a checkbox list, with “no religion” placed last.
In 2016, the ABS moved “no religion” to the top — a redesign the ABS said it implemented following complaints of bias against secular Australians.
The ABS reviewed its religion question ahead of the 2026 Census but ultimately retained the same wording and format used in 2021.
Von Freyhold noted that the order in which options appear on a form is well documented in survey research to skew responses.
With the current wording of the ABS’s religion question, he said, “you run straight into what’s called the primacy effect” — the tendency for whatever option appears first to receive “a disproportionate share of people’s eyeballs and attention”.
He said this effect had never been measured for the census religion question specifically. “Nobody had quantified to what extent it influences the response, which is exactly my domain,” he said.
Von Freyhold said his finding wasn’t a challenge to the trend of secularisation itself — with the share of Australians recording “no religion” climbing steadily from around one per cent in 1911 — but that the instrument measuring the shift was faulty.
“It’s not that the trend isn’t real,” he said. “It’s how you frame the question and then how people answer it. Framing, as a guy with a background in consumer psychology, I can tell you, can have massive implications.”
Von Freyhold pointed to a comparable pattern overseas. In the Czech Republic, the share of the population recording no religious belief fell from 59 per cent in 2001 to 34.5 per cent in 2011, according to Czech Statistical Office data.
That shift coincided with the Czech census religion question becoming voluntary for the first time — a change academics have linked to a surge in non-response rather than a religious revival.
A Gap With Real Consequences
Host Andrew West raised one possible source of the gap during the interview, wondering aloud whether there are “people of no fixed Christian denomination who tick ‘no religion'” for want of a better option.
Von Freyhold agreed the distinction between religion and religiosity deserved closer study but said it sat outside his experiment’s scope.
The Daily Declaration has approached the ABS for comment about Compass Polling’s analysis. The ABS has indicated it will reply by Monday.
Census night falls on Tuesday 11 August.
Von Freyhold said the goal of his research was not to settle the religious debate but to sharpen the measurement behind it.
“The ripple-on effect of the census results is considerable,” he said, adding that it “serves the purpose of best informing the media, best informing commentators, who in part shape the public narrative that flows through to politicians who set policy agendas”.
“It’s very important for both sides of the debate to have true numbers that aren’t distorted by small measurement effects like this,” he said.
ODM Daily Commentary
Let’s be honest: the Australian census is rigged. The ABS has designed a religion question that systematically undercounts Christians. And now, independent research has quantified the bias. The ‘no religion’ count may be inflated by a third, hiding as many as 2.9 million Christians.
The article from The Daily Declaration reports on a study by Compass Polling. Dr Dorian von Freyhold ran an experiment on 5,012 Australians, randomly assigning them one of four historical wordings of the religion question. The results were shocking. The percentage of non-religious Australians ranged from 20 to 47 per cent, depending on the wording. The modelling narrowed that to 26 per cent—a third lower than the 39 per cent recorded in 2021.
The key takeaway? “While secularisation is real, the speedometer is broken.” The question framing is distorting the results. The primacy effect—the tendency to choose the first option listed—is skewing responses towards ‘no religion’. And the ABS moved ‘no religion’ to the top in 2016, a change that served the secular lobby’s goals at the expense of accuracy.
The consequences are real. The census results shape public narrative, media reporting, and policy agendas. They determine funding for schools, hospitals, and chaplains. They influence where new churches are allowed to be built. An undercount of Christians means an underfunding of Christian institutions.
The article calculates that as many as 2.9 million Christians may be miscounted this Tuesday. That is not a trivial number. It is a massive distortion of the religious landscape of Australia.
The comment section is filled with frustration. One reader notes that the census is designed to reduce funding to church schools and charities. Another says it is a “campaign for truth” against the “Census Bureau lies and antichristian bias.” Another stands with the call to “reverse the curse.”
So here is the challenge: fill out the census correctly. Write ‘Christian’ or your denomination. Don’t be a donkey voter. And then demand that the ABS fix the question for 2031. The bias is clear. The evidence is in. And it is time to act.
The census is supposed to count Australians. Not hide them.
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